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{"id":14975,"date":"2022-10-18T13:35:47","date_gmt":"2022-10-18T17:35:47","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/empathymatters.org\/now\/?p=14975"},"modified":"2026-06-22T12:50:10","modified_gmt":"2026-06-22T16:50:10","slug":"empathy-group-identity-and-the-mechanisms-of-exclusion","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/empathymatters.org\/now\/empathy-group-identity-and-the-mechanisms-of-exclusion\/","title":{"rendered":"Empathy, Group Identity, and the Mechanisms of Exclusion"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-post\" data-elementor-id=\"14975\" class=\"elementor elementor-14975\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cda2d08 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cda2d08\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div 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#fff;\n}\n<\/style>\n<style>\n.bg_hover2:hover, .bg_hover2:active {\nbackground-color:blue;\n\/*box-shadow: 2px 2px 2px silver;*\/\n\/* padding:10px; *\/\n\/*  font-size: 12.8px;*\/\n}\n<\/style>\n\n\n\n<style>\n.grid-container {\n\/*    display: grid;*\/\n    display: grid;\n    \/*gap: 40px;*\/\n    gap: 4px;*\/\/* Space between ROWS columns *\/\n \/*   padding: 20px;*\/\n}\n\n.grid-item {\n \/*    background-color: #f0f0f0; *\/\n \/*   padding: 20px;*\/\n    text-align: center;\n\/*    border: 1px solid #ccc; *\/\n}\n\n\n\/* Desktop layout (5 columns) *\/\n\/*@media screen and (min-width: 992px) {*\/\n@media screen and (min-width: 992px) {\n    .grid-container {\n        grid-template-columns: repeat(6, 1fr); \/* SIX Four equal columns *\/\n    }\n.wide { \n\/*display: none; *\/\ngap: 25px;  \/* Space between ROWS columns *\/\n}\n}\n\n\n\/* Mobile layout (1 column) *\/\n\/* @media screen and (max-width: 599px) { *\/\n@media screen and (max-width: 991px) {\n    .grid-container {\n\/*        grid-template-columns: 2fr; *\/\/* TWO Single column *\/\n        grid-template-columns: repeat(3, 1fr); \/* TWO Single column *\/\n    }\n.wide { \n\/*display: center; *\/\ngap: 3px; \/* Space between ROWS columns *\/\n}\n}\n<\/style><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a29e39f elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a29e39f\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-16 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-f9e2c87\" data-id=\"f9e2c87\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-66 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-6827ee2\" data-id=\"6827ee2\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6421df1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6421df1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div style=\"border-radius: 20px; text-align: center; border: thin solid white; margin: 1px; line-height: 230%; font-weight: 540; background-color: #fff; color: #000; font-size: 120%; padding: 3%;\">\n<h3><span style=\"font-size: 13pt;\">Empathy, Group Identity, and the Mechanisms of Exclusion:<\/span> <br \/><span style=\"font-size: 11pt;\">An Investigation into the Limits of Empathy<\/span><\/h3>\n<div style=\"height: 17px;\">\u00a0<\/div>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 12pt;\">Thomas Fuchs<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"height: 17px;\">\u00a0<\/div>\n<p>Abstract<\/p>\n<div style=\"height: 17px;\">\u00a0<\/div>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\">There is a conspicuous tendency of humans to experience empathy and sympathy preferentially towards members of their own group, whereas empathetic feelings towards outgroup members or strangers are often reduced or even missing. This may culminate in a \u201cdissociation of empathy\u201d: a historical example are the cases of Nazi perpetrators who behaved as compassionate family men on the one hand, yet committed crimes of utter cruelty against Jews on the other.<\/p>\n<div style=\"height: 17px; text-align: left;\">\u00a0<\/div>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\">The paper aims at explaining such phenomena and at determining the limits of empathy. To this purpose, it \ufb01rst distinguishes between two levels of empathy, namely primary or intercorporeal and extended or higher-level empathy. It then investigates the mutual interconnection of empathy and recognition, which may be regarded as a principle of extending empathy to others regardless of whether they belong to one\u2019s own group or not.<\/p>\n<div style=\"height: 17px; text-align: left;\">\u00a0<\/div>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\">However, this principle is in con\ufb02ict with in group conformism and outgroup biases that hamper the universal extension of empathy.<\/p>\n<div style=\"height: 17px; text-align: left;\">\u00a0<\/div>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\">Thus, a denial of recognition and exclusion of others from one\u2019s ingroup usually results in a withdrawal or lack of extended empathy which then in\ufb02uences primary empathy as well.<\/p>\n<div style=\"height: 17px; text-align: left;\">\u00a0<\/div>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\">On this basis, and using the historical example of mass executions during the Holocaust, the paper investigates the mechanisms of exclusion that may lead to a withdrawal of recognition and \ufb01nally to a dissociation of empathy.<\/p>\n<div style=\"height: 17px;\">\u00a0<\/div>\n<p>Introduction<\/p>\n<div style=\"height: 17px;\">\u00a0<\/div>\n<p>There is a conspicuous tendency of humans to experience empathy, and even more so sympathy, preferentially towards members of their own group. On the contrary, empathetic feelings toward out-group members or strangers may often be diminished or even be missing completely.<\/p>\n<div style=\"height: 17px;\">\u00a0<\/div>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\">This may culminate in a compartmentalization or dissociation of empathy: a well-known historical example can be seen in the cases of Nazi perpetrators who behaved as compassionate family men on the one hand, yet committed crimes of utter cruelty against Jews on the other, apparently with little or no feelings of empathy or pity.<\/p>\n<div style=\"height: 17px; text-align: left;\">\u00a0<\/div>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\">Sadly enough, one could add many other examples such as the genocide perpetrated by the Serbs against the Bosnians in the Balkan war, or by the Hutu against the Tutsi in Rwanda, both occurring in the 90s of the last century.<\/p>\n<div style=\"height: 17px;\">\u00a0<\/div>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\">In all these cases, the crimes were committed against a group that had previously lived in peaceful neighborhoods with the perpetrators and had \ufb01rst to be de\ufb01ned as an outgroup, often on the basis of highly questionable criteria.<\/p>\n<div style=\"height: 17px;\">\u00a0<\/div>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\">Thus, the capacity of empathy as such is apparently not su\ufb03cient to be felt and realized towards all members of the human species as a matter of course. A \ufb01rst assumption would be that its extension beyond the primary group requires an additional identi\ufb01cation with the other as one\u2019s equal, which in social philosophy is usually conceived as a relationship of reciprocal recognition.<\/p>\n<div style=\"height: 17px;\">\u00a0<\/div>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\">A further conclusion can be drawn from the historical examples: through a kind of rede\ufb01nition and a corresponding reframing of interpersonal perception, recognition may be withdrawn or denied.<\/p>\n<div style=\"height: 17px;\">\u00a0<\/div>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\">Then people who previously belonged quite naturally to one\u2019s own community, right up to one\u2019s immediate neighbors or acquaintances, may suddenly become outsiders, pariahs, or unpersons towards whom even basal human feelings of empathy or compassion are no longer felt. Empathy may then be \u201cunhooked\u201d, as it were, or dissociated.<\/p>\n<div style=\"height: 17px;\">\u00a0<\/div>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\">The question of how this unsettling dissociation of empathy may be explained is the central topic of my paper. This question is not easy to answer, and to prepare the ground, we will need a rather broad basis in social philosophy and psychology. An important concept in this context consists in the notion of recognition as introduced famously by Hegel in the Phenomenology of Mind (1807 \/ 1967), and readopted more recently by Cavell (1969), Taylor (1992), and Honneth (1996,2008), among others. The recognition or acknowledgment of the other as a person to whose claim or call I have to respond has been proposed as a fundament of human relationships, sometimes even as a presupposition of empathy itself.<\/p>\n<div style=\"height: 17px;\">\u00a0<\/div>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\">Recognition may be denied, however, in particular as a result of a deprivation of the fundamental claims and rights that a person enjoys as a member of a community of mutual obligations. Such experiences of misrecognition and social exclusion often result in a \u201cstruggle for recognition\u201d (Honneth 1996) on the part of individuals or whole groups who su\ufb00er from the discrimination.<\/p>\n<div style=\"height: 17px;\">\u00a0<\/div>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\">They are usually connected to a withdrawal or lack of empathetic feelings on part of the members of the discriminating group. This helps to specify the question I want to investigate in the following, namely how empathy is connected to (a) recognition and (b) group identity in such a way that a lack or loss of empathetic feelings may occur under certain circumstances.<\/p>\n<div style=\"height: 17px;\">\u00a0<\/div>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\">This can be further expressed by the following questions:<\/p>\n<div style=\"height: 17px; text-align: left;\">\u00a0<\/div>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\">\u2013 What is the nature of empathy? Should we regard it as a primary form of interpersonal connectedness or rather as being dependent on antecedent recognition and identi\ufb01cation with the other?<\/p>\n<div style=\"height: 17px; text-align: left;\">\u00a0<\/div>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\">\u2013 How far does empathy reach? Is there something like a general empathetic disposition (\u201cuniversal empathy\u201d) that can be restricted or suspended secondarily, or is empathy only gradually and under certain conditions extended from one\u2019s kin to outgroup members?<\/p>\n<div style=\"height: 17px; text-align: left;\">\u00a0<\/div>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\">\u2013 What are the presuppositions for a withdrawal of empathy from other people? What are the mechanisms of exclusion that cause a dissociation of empathy?<\/p>\n<h6><a href=\"https:\/\/www.academia.edu\/38296434\/Empathy_Group_Identity_and_the_Mechanisms_of_Exclusion\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/www.academia.edu\/38296434\/Empathy_Group_Identity_and_the_Mechanisms_of_Exclusion<\/a><\/h6>\n<div style=\"height: 17px;\">\u00a0<\/div>\n<hr style=\"color: #919090; background-color: #919090; height: 2px; border: none;\" \/><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-16 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-87890b3\" data-id=\"87890b3\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-878b8d4 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"878b8d4\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-16 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-be5e453\" data-id=\"be5e453\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-66 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d619497\" data-id=\"d619497\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e1acdfe elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"e1acdfe\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"680\" height=\"340\" src=\"https:\/\/empathymatters.org\/now\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/nvc-peace.jpeg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-15075\" alt=\"nvc-peace\" srcset=\"https:\/\/empathymatters.org\/now\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/nvc-peace.jpeg 680w, https:\/\/empathymatters.org\/now\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/nvc-peace-300x150.jpeg 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 680px) 100vw, 680px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-16 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e2416e0\" data-id=\"e2416e0\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-9d85822 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"9d85822\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-25 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-77ae682\" data-id=\"77ae682\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-414e3d7\" data-id=\"414e3d7\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0910d7e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"0910d7e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div style=\"border-radius: 20px; text-align: center; border: thin solid white; margin: 1px;line-height: 230%; font-weight: 540; background-color: #fff; color: #000; font-size: 120%;padding: 3%;\">\n\n\n<p>&#8220;To know how we can be peaceful with ourselves when we&#8217;re less than perfect. For example: How we can learn from our limitations without blaming and punishing our self?\u00a0 If we can&#8217;t do that, I&#8217;m not too optimistic how we&#8217;re going to relate peacefully out in the world.\u00a0<br \/>\n~Marshall Rosenberg\u00a0\u00a0<\/p>\n\n<\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-25 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-ca3879c\" data-id=\"ca3879c\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-32a2db4 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"32a2db4\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a7d471a\" data-id=\"a7d471a\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3582559 elementor-widget elementor-widget-elementskit-social-share\" data-id=\"3582559\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"elementskit-social-share.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"ekit-wid-con\" >\t\t<ul class=\"ekit_socialshare\">\n                            <li class=\"elementor-repeater-item-3a90a9d\" data-social=\"facebook\">\n                    <div class=\"facebook\">\n                        \n                        <i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"icon icon-facebook\"><\/i>                        \n                             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<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-f0564e6 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"f0564e6\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-16 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b19e0bf\" data-id=\"b19e0bf\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-66 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-179e113\" data-id=\"179e113\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a92eda2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-video\" data-id=\"a92eda2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;youtube_url&quot;:&quot;https:\\\/\\\/www.youtube.com\\\/watch?v=c_HuhUSNjG0&quot;,&quot;video_type&quot;:&quot;youtube&quot;,&quot;controls&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"video.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-wrapper elementor-open-inline\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-video\"><\/div>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-16 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-3387b00\" data-id=\"3387b00\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-803d6e5 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"803d6e5\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-16 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-9d8ea3b\" data-id=\"9d8ea3b\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-66 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e67445c\" data-id=\"e67445c\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ae42734 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"ae42734\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" width=\"680\" height=\"340\" src=\"https:\/\/empathymatters.org\/now\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/feelngs-nvc.jpeg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-14850\" alt=\"feelngs-nvc\" srcset=\"https:\/\/empathymatters.org\/now\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/feelngs-nvc.jpeg 680w, https:\/\/empathymatters.org\/now\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/feelngs-nvc-300x150.jpeg 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 680px) 100vw, 680px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-16 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a78e46f\" data-id=\"a78e46f\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-1d165e4 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"1d165e4\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-25 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-dedaa67\" data-id=\"dedaa67\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b670ab7\" data-id=\"b670ab7\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-59568e9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"59568e9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div style=\"border-radius: 20px; text-align: center; border: thin solid white; margin: 1px;line-height: 230%; font-weight: 540; background-color: #fff; color: #000; font-size: 120%;padding: 3%;\">\n\n<p>Many people use the word feeling and thought interchangeably. In nonviolent communication, when we use the word feeling, we want it to refer to an emotion that a person is experiencing that doesn&#8217;t contain any diagnosis or intellectual analysis of the other person.\u00a0 \u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/empathymatters.org\/now\/flying-monkeys\/\">https:\/\/empathymatters.org\/now\/flying-monkeys\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n<\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-25 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-bc734a5\" data-id=\"bc734a5\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-0c1d775 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"0c1d775\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cbd4d6c\" data-id=\"cbd4d6c\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2831648 elementor-widget elementor-widget-elementskit-social-share\" data-id=\"2831648\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"elementskit-social-share.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"ekit-wid-con\" >\t\t<ul class=\"ekit_socialshare\">\n                            <li class=\"elementor-repeater-item-b398201\" data-social=\"facebook\">\n                    <div class=\"facebook\">\n                        \n                        <i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"icon icon-facebook\"><\/i>                        \n                                                                                            <\/div>\n                <\/li>\n                                            <li class=\"elementor-repeater-item-ebd810e\" data-social=\"twitter\">\n                    <div class=\"twitter\">\n                        \n                        <i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"icon icon-twitter\"><\/i>                        \n                                                                                            <\/div>\n                <\/li>\n                                            <li class=\"elementor-repeater-item-abf783e\" data-social=\"linkedin\">\n                    <div class=\"linkedin\">\n                        \n                        <i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"icon icon-linkedin\"><\/i>                        \n                                                                                            <\/div>\n                <\/li>\n                                    <\/ul>\n        <\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Empathy, Group Identity, and the Mechanisms of Exclusion: An Investigation into the Limits of Empathy \u00a0 Thomas Fuchs \u00a0 Abstract \u00a0 There is a conspicuous tendency of humans to experience empathy and sympathy preferentially towards members of their own group, whereas empathetic feelings towards outgroup members or strangers are often reduced or even missing. This 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